Frances Bula header image 2

Not the suburbs that are growing the fastest but cities and older suburbs with dense cores

February 21st, 2012 · 36 Comments

Another census blitz and another complete misinterpretation of the results by some.

In the past couple of weeks, I’ve seen all kinds of headlines about how the suburbs are growing the fastest. In Metro Vancouver, Surrey is always listed as growing the fastest.

Conservatives, in particular, seem to delight in propagating this kind of interpretation, as though somehow it “proves” that those city slicker types are increasingly in the minority, that fancypants city planners are clueless with their boring rants about density and transit, and that the nation is pleasantly filling up with giant single-family suburbs where the car remains king while the decadent, immoral cities are emptying out.

Others, I suspect, are simply lazy or they didn’t take my brilliant Math for Journalists course.

But the unfortunate result is that people walk around with the mind movie in their heads that American-style suburbs are winning the day. I can’t speak for elsewhere in the country, but if you look at the numbers carefully, it’s simply not true here in Metro Vancouver.

First, what people don’t seem to get is that the central city is never going to grow quite as fast because, guess what people — it’s already filled up with buildings. Saying that the suburbs are growing is like saying people in their 20s and 30s have more kids than people in their 40s and 50s.

But there’s also another error people make locally, which is not factoring in the existing area of a municipality when looking at its growth. If you calculate how much growth there was in each of the region’s municipalities according to their area available, Surrey does not come out on top.

Surrey appears to be growing the fastest because it is the largest municipality by area in the region. At 122 square miles, it’s three times as big as Vancouver or Burnaby or Richmond.

So I took the numbers of people added in each municipality between the 2006 and 2011 census and divided by the number of square miles (sorry, folks, can’t get away from my 1970s schooling). This is how the rankings look when you compare on a per-square-mile basis.

New Westminster: 1,232 people added per square mile between 2006 and 2011 (7,427 people in 6.03 square miles).

North Vancouver City: 658

Surrey: 600

Burnaby: 584

Vancouver: 574

Port Moody: 546

Langley City: 368

Port Coquitlam: 324

Richmond: 320

White Rock: 292

Coquitlam: 252

Langley Township: 88

Maple Ridge: 69

Pitt Meadows: 64

Delta: 44

North Vancouver District: 30

West Vancouver: 17

The growth in places like New Westminster, Burnaby, North Vancouver City, and Vancouver is all the more astonishing when you consider that these are cities that are already exceptionally densely populated. They are adding as much or more people per square mile to their city cores, even though they have nothing like the easy-to-develop greenfield land that places like Surrey, Langley, Maple Ridge and elsewhere.

And it’s evident to anyone who drives through these areas that the population is going far and away into multi-family housing, either towers or lower-rise apartment buildings. So much for the reign of single-family suburbia.

Categories: Uncategorized

  • Derp

    Converted your numbers to Wikipedia consistent “per square km” for you.

    New West: 476

    North Vancouver City: 254

    Surrey: 232

    Burnaby: 226

    Vancouver: 222

    Port Moody: 211

    Langley City: 142

    Port Coquitlam: 125

    Richmond: 124

    White Rock: 113

    Coquitlam: 97

    Langley Township: 34

    Maple Ridge: 27

    Pitt Meadows: 25

    Delta: 17

    North Vancouver District: 12

    West Vancouver: 7

  • Frances Bula

    @derp. You’re truly a pal and the math gods will smile on you.

  • Bill McCreery

    Frances, did you take out the ALR acreage?

  • Derp

    Here’s ALR in Google Maps format.

    http://webmaps.gov.bc.ca/pub/gmf-mapping-client/?siteid=6001091189425260472

  • Derp

    http://www.surrey.ca/for-business/1432.aspx

    86.92 sq km of Surrey is ALR aka 27%

  • Bill Lee

    Harumpf. C’est dommage que Madame Bula ne pense pas dans deux langues (numerique)

    1 square mile = 258.998811 hectares
    Divide the above numbers by 260 for people per hectare. By 3 (2.59) for persons per 100 hectares.

    A hectare is 1000 metres squared. 100 hectares is a square kilometer (43 560 square feet to one acre, 640 sq. acres to 1 square mile. So inches per foot and …. to get 1 sq mile)

    Stanley Park 404.9 hectares (1001 acres)
    A Point Grey city block 1.817 hectares 4.5 acres
    A Kits block 1.471 hectares, 3.6 acres.
    An East Side block 1.471 hectares or 3.83 acres

    Play with the Acme.com/planimeter
    [ Yes, Acme (Beep-beep) the Roadrunner reference. ]
    Note the Gmap pedometer link at the bottom which might help you playing with (metric or archaic British Druid) lengths for bicycle paths and physical elevation cross-sections (very rough) and so on. (“Everyone expects a “cyclicisme” reference.” ) #TellVicEverything

    The last 5 districts listed above have a lot of empty land–not even farmed–forested mountains in the case of the North Shores, Burns Bog in the case of Delta.

    Go to Geosearch at Stat Canada to see boundaries of Census Districts
    http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/GEOSEARCH/index.cfm?lang=E

    Get your StatCan twitter feed from https://twitter.com/#!/StatCan_fra

  • Derp

    Here are the “increase per sq km” figures after ALR is removed from each municipality’s land area.

    New West: 476

    Surrey: 319

    City of North Van: 254

    Burnaby: 231

    Vancouver: 227

    Port Moody: 211

    Port Coquitlam: 157

    Langley City: 151

    Langley Township: 142

    Pitt Meadows: 119

    White Rock: 113

    Coquitlam: 103

    Delta: 38

    Maple Ridge: 31

    D. North Van: 12

    West Vancouver: 7

    Learned that Southlands in Vancouver is ALR. Hmm.

  • Michael Gordon

    An interesting stat to look out for in the next census is the housing stock in Metro Vancouver. From 1991 to 2006 single family homes went from 1/2 to about 1/3 of the housing stock and apartments have emerged as the largest part of the housing stock

    1991 1996 2001 2006
    Apartments 34% 36% 37% 40%
    Single Family Detached
    50% 46% 43% 35%
    Other Ground-oriented
    16% 18% 20% 25%

    These are also significant numbers when you consider the local media coverage of affordable housing issues. If you look carefully at the numbers they quote, they usually focus on single family house prices and yet this type of housing is only about one-third of the housing stock in metro vancouver.

    For example, the demographia study of affordable housing solely focused on single family house prices. It also referred to Atlanta and Houston as examples of best practices of land use regulation ie regions that are among the best examples of suburban sprawl.

    Thanks Francis for continuing to probe and ponder these questions of cities, housing and other city/metro issues.

  • Jon Petrie

    Much of the census data analysis and commentary in the media seems, in my view, to take it as a given that the rate of population growth in Canada was normal, that the growth is a given. I was surprised by this: >the Canadian population … among the G8 [is] by far the fastest growing [largely due to immigration], with a 5.9 per cent growth rate in the past five years that not only exceeds the 4.4 per cent rise in the U.S., but also Canada’s own previous increase of 5.4 per cent between 2001 and 2006.<< See http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/02/08/canada-census-2011-canadas-leads-g8-in-growth-population-hits-33-5-million/

  • Richard

    Not really misinterpretation. It appears to be more intentional manipulation and misrepresentation of the data to try and prove their point.

  • Glissando Remmy

    Thought of The Night

    “Listen to the words… public transit… investments in infrastructure (not tearing down the viaducts)… metro… affordable and comfortable manner… decadal growth rate of 21% to 47%..17 million population… opportunities (jobs) increasing… population review every 5 years… university hubs… water is scarce… process of urbanization is irreversible and beneficial… ”

    Thank God, I am not talking about Vancouver.
    This… is New Delhi:
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P54fXE3MuGs

    Just to put in perspective as how incompetent our local municipal government is, in dealing with the major urban problems of today, well, compared to New Delhi we are… a Boutique City!
    And despite of all that, Ballem & company can not get ahead in city shepherding, as her management team is now putting, Heritage Buildings on the cutting block, so they could pay off their Olympic debts and cover the oh so frugal… Incompetence Clause.

    Mayor of new Delhi, Professor Rajni Abbi could mentor Mayor Gregor for free, by simply inviting him to watch this video, and by doing that increasing his speak-easy time re. civic issues, by more than 0.69%. I didn’t say it’s going to be easy now, did I?

    Collaborative government = good planning, good government, good people… soft infrastructure.
    When building a city, think like Mahatma Gandhi did, write the policies for, and build the city with the poorest (working) people in mind, their needs addressed first, as they are… the engine of the city.
    LOL, just like Vision did, eh! 🙂

    Living and earning… inside the city’s boundaries are the key to successful and healthy population growth.
    Oh, and try to infuse some emotional attachment into the citizenry, if possible…

    We live in Vancouver and this keeps us busy.

  • Alex Reid

    Yet another charming and well written article. Thank you!

  • Lewis N. Villegas

    As long as we stay put with the old planning paradigm, what will lead growth will be the expansion of the Port Mann bridge and the construction of the Alex Fraser.

    The model is the construction of the Lougheed Mall in 1970, and to a lesser extent SFU in 1965. Those projects lead the intensification of the Tri-Cities. In the 1980’s there was a large release of Crown Lands in the tri-cities accompanied by the construction of another regional mall further east, the Coquitlam Centre (the names between the civic and commercial centres started to blend together).

    Analogous processes were taking place south of the Fraser, in Richmond, Delta, Surrey and the Langleys. These places absorbed all the green field suburban sprawl well into this decade. The highway upgrade is the single most potent sign that at the regional level we were reaching saturation.

    In my view, Skytrain is just an extension of that. The feel of Port Moody’s tower zone, and the Coquitlam Town Centre is no different from Metrotown. It is a “density hot spot” in an automobile dominated (i.e. low density) area.

    New paradigm planning will accomplish the re-development of existing suburban lands. The bump will be much greater. It can deliver 6x the density over areas already supporting 25-30 people per acre.

    However, there are some obstacles in the way. Changing paradigm is a kind of re-tooling that takes place with the same political leadership, developers, and the same planners in place.

    There is always resistance to change.

    Vancouver is uniquely positioned in Canada to move through that cultural process. The other major centres can all just continue to grow through amalgamation and boundary expansion. That option ran out here in 1929.

  • Wendy

    Awesome research and analysis.

    The other side of the demand coin is looking at home prices (whether detached or attached), which have risen faster in the dense, walkable areas because D exceeds S.

    Some people move to a lower-density suburban area not because it’s their first choice but because it’s the only place they can afford, say, a 3 bedroom home.

  • Shaye

    Very interesting indeed, thank you for writing! I moved to New Westminster last year from Vancouver and I love it!

  • Lewis N. Villegas

    Let me go back a step on that one: Building the Trans Canada got the suburban expansion east started. The Oak Street Bridge, and the Knight in 1970, opened the gates south.

  • Lewis N. Villegas

    I agree Wendy. There is a core-periphery profile to the price of land, and distribution of density. Closer to the centre we see both a rise in price and a rise in density.

    What is interesting is that “spreadable density” depends on transit. So, for example, one of the answers to affordable housing lies outside the purview of a Vancouver-appointed task force. “House them at the other end of a 40-minute rail commute” is not a Mayor’s Task Force option, would be my understanding.

    We can get the commuters out to the lower priced areas cleaner and cheaper on a train… but, we’re building highways instead.

    Translink options for South of Fraser currently leave out the BC Electric right-of-way where we could develop new transit-orientied, walkable neighbourhoods, served by transit. Transit options are looking at Olympic Tram-style LRT on the street (the car lobby will say NO) and Skytrian. On Broadway, they are not showing a subway. In both locations, in the regional centre, and in the regional corridor, important considerations for 20 and 40 year growth are off the table.

    The cultural shift has to take place in Translink, at the municipal halls, and in Victoria.

  • Wondering

    You should probably take regional parks out of the equation as well as ALR. Sorry I don’t have the math skills to produce new numbers. 🙂

  • Paul T.

    An interesting look at things Frances and kudos to New Westminster for attracting so much density. However, I think you really can’t look at this as a percentage of land that is being used to increase population.

    For example… Let’s say City A has 100 square kilometres and City B has 1000 square kilometres. Each grow at a rate of 50 people per square kilometre. So city A gets 5000 new people, but city B gets 50,000!

    Obviously cities won’t be able to grow at the same rate per square kilometre, because there just isn’t the number of people looking to move.

    I also caution giving higher attention to cities based on this calculation. Surrey is continually preaching about it’s population explosion, not because of some need for Conservative back patting, but it’s because the city will need services. Schools, Hospitals, Police…. All of these services need to increase on the basis of the entire population, not just population per square kilometre.

    I also see many people making the decision to move out to the burbs, but they don’t choose a single family detached home. They move from an apartment in the city to a bigger apartment or townhome in the burbs. Many of these people never owned a single family detached home and they never want to. But they do want more space to start a family and they are choosing areas where it is more affordable.

  • Mira

    So much money laying around, wasted by our three levels of government, so much influx of offshore wealth! Unfortunately when you look at the numbers, nothing gets done properly or is planned accordingly. Still the wild wild West!
    I agree with you Lewis #11 and #14 but I cannot look away from Glissando’s ironic post #10.
    He’s right, on one thing “compared to New Delhi we are… a Boutique City!” (btw, Glissy I watched the video entirely!) if we had their problems, we’d be paralyzed! Talk about population growth… how can we talk about pop. growth in Vancouver for example when we’ve just been named the most unnofordable city in North America… and perhaps soon, the world? 🙁

  • MB

    An excellent stab at the issue of urban growth, Frances.

    Derp, thanks for the conversion accouting for ALR lands. Seventy-five percent of Langley Township is in the ALR, and the consequent jump from 34 to 142 people per km2 is reflected.

    However, I agree with Wondering that large parks and conservation areas need to be taken out. Burnaby, for example, has 25% of its land base locked up in parks or habitat conservation. And Vancouver has 4 km2 Stanley Park. Sorry, I lack the time to volunteer this service at present.

    Michael Gordon also brings up a big issue, and that’s the rise of the condo and townhouse. The media commentary on the 2011 census took its praise to the suburbs. But this was in the absence of data from the previous censuses over the past generation where the population of downtown Vancouver virtually doubled; not all this demographic movement was from within Vancouver’s boundaries.

    Other cities focused growth into their town centres too, but not to the same degree.

    This belies a startling and very recent acceptance of higher-density growth predominantly near transit or walking distance of amenities and services, which was viturally ignored in the commentary by the main stream media because they took one census out of context of others.

  • Bill Lee

    Some conversion factors (acres, hectares and some esoteric ones) at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_conversion Save As an HTM file to recall when needed or print the page out.

    There is a Calculator Plus, otherwise for Windows. Read en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator_%28Windows%29#Calculator_Plus

    For Windows XP and newer. Download Calculator Plus from http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=21622

    Numerous other conversion softwares.
    I’ll stick to the tables on the back of my duplex slide rule. 😉

  • Jak King

    Interesting analysis. But for me, looking at a “city” level is not granular enough. Look at this map and see that the increases in Vancouver are not spread across the city.

    http://jaksview3.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/data-shows-no-growth-on-the-east-side/

  • MB

    “I’ll stick to the tables on the back of my duplex slide rule.”

    LOL! I could never manage them properly, and was so happy when the calculator appeared.

    I was even happier when I discovered one can hire engineers to do the tedious work.

  • Fly_YVR

    This isn’t growth but the marginal added density. A smaller area that converts non-residential land to high density residential use is a different animal than a suburb with undeveloped land converted to urban use. Most striking to me is the marginal density of Suyry’s increasing population

  • Silly Season

    I don’t suppose any of this would be easier with Community Plans that actually set out proposed and planned growth/density by net poulation in each area or each city?

    Then we’d be ahead of the curve, instead of subtracting or adding tracts of farmland, parkland, etc.

    Or would that frighten the horses?.

  • mike0123

    It would be interesting to see an analysis that tries to point out what causes growth and decline in each city or census tract.

    Broadly, the causes of population change in a given area include greenfield development, births, the kids moving out, deaths, and infill development.

    Unfortunately, the data probably isn’t all in one place. Is the area of land rezoned (e.g. from agricultural to residential or from single family to mixed use) available in the census by census tract or municipality? Is it available at all? Is demographic information available by census tract or municipality?

    Knowing how many people are in the 20 to 25 cohort or how much land has been rezoned but not developed would be help to predict changes by census tract in the next census period. Maybe this information is already available?

  • Kirk

    Don’t demographics play a large role? If a metro area has a dispropotionate number of young people, then my guess is that the downtown area will be growing. But, Vancouver’s main growth is now coming from new immigrant families, so it kind of makes sense that they’re moving to areas where they can get 3 bedrooms for a more reasonable price.

    It’s hard living in an apartment with kids. I’ve got two, and we’ll probably seek out a larger space one day. That means moving further out.

  • Michael Geller

    Good post…good observations…good comments.

  • Bill Lee

    @MB // Feb 22, 2012 at 4:13 pm
    Hmm. See the second side to the dynamic web page ( it moves! Both cursor and ‘stick’ ) http://www.antiquark.com/sliderule/sim/n909es/virtual-n909-es.html
    There is a one page manual link on that page. (Click a second time to enlarge.)

    And I was more thinking of tables such as these, on the back of some simplex ‘rules’ or a few circular ones.
    http://www.sliderulemuseum.com/Hemmi/Hughes-Owens_1768C_dcPA_DonatedbyDavidHecht.jpg
    (Click a second time to enlarge it.)

  • Lewis N. Villegas

    “compared to New Delhi we are… a Boutique City!”

    Mira 20 quoting Glissy

    O.K. But let’s begin with the facts. We are comparing apples to oranges.

    Urbanism is a kind of universal language. It is hard-wired to cultivation (farming) and culture. I see it as an outward expression of our social and political institutions, government process, and law.

    To speak about differences in urban form between two places far apart begs the question about the similarities or differences in the organs for social and cultural functioning. Canada’s institutions that we must fight to preserve free of corruption and abuse.

    While it is easy to Google Earth Calcutta, or New Delhi, it is quite another matter to get a Bird’s Eye View of the functioning of their social and political organs.

    We are Children of a Lesser God for being founded on the traditions of our Colonial British System. Yet, I put forth that it is the integrity of our social and political institutions—as much as our pristine wilderness—that sets us apart as a nation with a role to play in the global community.

  • Silly Season

    I think we are missing the point. This is all about gaining resources, not bragging rights.

    For instance: who will get the next big piece of transit infrastructure? Will it be the Broadway Corridor—or the Surrey Transit Plan? Who can show the greatest “need” to senior levels of governmentnt who hold the pursestrings in these situations?

    I think it’s a clever squeeze play, between the two munis—they each trade off students and workers each day, travelling back and forth via transit and roads. They need to cooperate with each other, first.

    Is that why Mayor Watts backed Cllr Louie for Vice Chair of Metro Van? Is this fight over who has the biggest population, just theatre?

    Maybe they think that hanging together is better than hanging alone, when it comes to dealing with senior levels of governemen. Regardless which parties are running the show.

  • MB

    @ Bill #30 — Antiquark ……. way cool!

    I use my own “slide rule” on ocassion: Slide a 1:100 metric scale along an imperial scale to roughly convert mm to fractions of an inch.

    I’m otherwise bilingual and really appreciate metric for land planning and grading work, but revert to imperial for smaller residential buildings.

  • jma

    Comparing a municipality like Surrey which has a massive area to a relatively municipalites like North Vancouver City or New Westminster which have small areas is interesting, but it would be more useful for purposes of comparing like areas to look a smaller part of Surrey. Let’s not confuse the political arrangements of a given area with the actual geography on the ground.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_fallacy

  • jma

    Comparing a municipality like Surrey which has a massive area to municipalities like North Vancouver City or New Westminster which have small areas is interesting, but it would be more useful for purposes of comparing like areas to look a smaller part of Surrey. Let’s not confuse the political arrangements of a given area with the actual geography on the ground.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_fallacy

  • Danny Handelman

    Condos and apartments would be cheaper per square foot compared to the less efficient use of the land if it became more profitable for builders to build upward rather than outward, which would also eliminate suburbs, through elimination of height and minimum setback restrictions, requiring infill buildings to incorporate retail and office space and imposing maximum automobile parking of 0, decreasing development charges to 0 for infill and increased for low-density land use, and basing property taxes on the value of land alone rather than land and building.